Franklin D. Roosevelt An Influential Leader Essay

Franklin D. Roosevelt: An Influential Leader Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) was a man of unusual charm and great optimism, which he was able to communicate to others. He had a broad smile and was a charismatic optimist whose confidence helped sustain the nation through its darkest moments during crisis like the Great Depression and World War II. He became one of the most beloved of U.S. presidents for four terms in office. But beneath his outward friendliness was an inner reserve and an iron will. His admirers emphasized the way in which he met the nations problems. They praised him for insisting that the federal government must help the underprivileged and that the United States must share in the responsibility for preserving world†¦show more content†¦As the number of radios grew in the U.S., more people relied on this media for obtaining information and entertainment. During the Great Depression, when disappointment in the economy reached its peak, FDR resorted to speeches on the radio. These became known as  "Fireside Chats† (Boorstin 624) during which FDR talked about the banking system and other economic concerns. In these chats, he could describe his actions and his reasoning so that everyone would understand what the government was doing (The Great Depression). The New Deal was a program designed to reverse the effects of the Depression. Some of the successful programs that it encompassed were ones such as the following: 1. The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) which provided jobs for single men between the ages of 18 and 25 and earned $1.00 each day. 2. The Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA), which helped farmers by paying them not to produce crops; thereby, keeping their income from dropping by overproducing certain crops. Since less was being grown, the price for farm goods would rise. The government said that they would also pay farmers to plow some crops under and destroy some of the surplus. 3. So that more people could have jobs during the Depression, the WPA made jobs for people to work in buildings, hospitals, and parks. It also hired artists and photographers. 4. The FDIC, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, insured savings accounts in banksShow MoreRelatedEssay on Franklin D. Roosevelt: an Influential Leader1333 Words   |  6 PagesFranklin D. Roosevelt: An Influential Leader Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) was a man of unusual charm and great optimism, which he was able to communicate to others. He had a broad smile and was a charismatic optimist whose confidence helped sustain the nation through its darkest moments during crisis like the Great Depression and World War II. He became one of the most beloved of U.S. presidents for four terms in office. But beneath his outward friendliness was an inner reserve andRead MoreFranklin D. Roosevelt : An Effective American President And Leader1509 Words   |  7 Pages1 Bernier Abby Bernier Mrs. Walden Sophomore Honors History Period 1 8 December 2014 The Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt Thesis: Franklin D. Roosevelt was an effective American president and leader. Franklin D. Roosevelt was a powerful leader and one of the most highly regarded presidents in American history. He connected well with American people, had a strong character, possessed a clear vision for America, had valuable political skills, and could lead people in challenging times. With recentRead MoreFranklin Delano Roosevelt And The First President Of The United States Of America1351 Words   |  6 Pages12/18/15 5th period Mrs. Dowling FDR American Bad*** Introduction and Thesis â€Å"The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.† These famous words were spoken by Franklin Delano Roosevelt who was the thirty second president of The United States of America. He served four terms as president (March 4, 1933 – April 12, 1945) and was a major leader in the allied powers during World War II without him the allied powers might not have been able to win the war He helped the american people regain faith in themselvesRead MoreEleanor Roosevelt : An American Diplomat886 Words   |  4 PagesEleanor Roosevelt, whose full name was Anna Eleanor Roosevelt, was born on the 11th of October in 1884 in the city of New York and passed away on the 7th of November in 1962 in Manhattan, New York. Roosevelt was born to Elliot Roosevelt and Anna Call Roosevelt. Roosevelt was known for being an American diplomat, humanitarian, and first lady. Roosevelt served as first lady in 1933-1945, she was the wife of Franklin D. Roosevelt who served as the 32nd president. Dur ing Roosevelt’s time, she was oneRead MoreWhy Franklin Delano Roosevelt was a Great Man?1907 Words   |  8 PagesTheory’ it can be said that Franklin Delano Roosevelt upheld his victorious and highly regarded government through means of social, economic and political reforms, as well as ambitious personal and strategic decisions that have successfully remained influential to American society today and maintained his image as a prominent historic leader. Franklin Roosevelt was the 32nd President of America from 1933 – 1945, eminent historian Sean J Savage articulated that Roosevelt remained a central figureRead MoreGeneral Info And Early Political Career1401 Words   |  6 PagesGeneral info and Early Political Career Franklin Delano Roosevelt was born in 1882 in New York to a rich family. He went to Groton School and Harvard College to get an education. He married Eleanor Roosevelt and had six children with her. His hobbies included stamp collecting and relaxing on his yacht. He started his political career in 1910 when he joined the New York State Senate and then continued on as the Assistant Secretary of the Navy under President Woodrow Wilson. He ran for vice presidentRead MoreThe Historical Measures Of Our Country1287 Words   |  6 Pagesreasons. One reason is because they helped our country become the great country it is today. Many documents, or speeches turned into documents, mark major events that helped develop our country. It is during the weaker moments when the strength of our leaders shine. Overlooking the past, there are many different documents spread out along the timeline. Some happened under pressure while others involved time and effort before the final masterpiece was finis hed. These great documents vary in a wide rangeRead MoreBorn On January 30Th, 1882, In Hyde Park, New York, Franklin1217 Words   |  5 PagesPark, New York, Franklin Delano Roosevelt soon became arguably the most influential president in United States history. Roosevelt was the only president to be elected to four terms. He led the United States through some of its most difficult struggles, including the Great Depression and World War II. Roosevelt also was very set on expanding presidential power, which he did through his New Deal Program. Born into a rich family, a family well-known in several generations, Roosevelt was an only childRead MoreHitlers Leadership Essay923 Words   |  4 PagesAdolph Hitler is seen by many as a socialist with great wickedness that scarred the world forever however; Hitler was one of the most influential leaders of all time with great intelligence and charisma despite his unstable childhood and insecurity. His strong personality, leadership, affection for his people and stubborn willpower brought Germany out of a depression in 5 years, reduced the unemployment rates to a shocking 100% over the course of 6 years, and modernized the infrastructure of hisRead More Eleanor Roosevelt Essay1601 Words   |  7 Pages Although Eleanor Roosevelt served as first lady from 1932 to 1945, her influence lasted much longer than expected. Eleanor became her husband’s ears and eyes during her husband’s presidency and aided human rights during her entire life. She did what no other First La dy, or woman had dared to do before; she challenged society’s wrong doings. Many respected her; President Truman had called her â€Å"the First Lady of the World (Freedman, 168).† Eleanor Roosevelt was an amazing first lady who helped her

Religious groups in Mediterranean in 900 a. d. Free Essays

The representative sample is Spain, a Mediterranean country. Mediterranean World, by and large, had gone through many inter-religious wars and convulsions, until for a change a time of greatest glory arrived in the Middle Ages. During this period, the Muslims and Christians were able to live in peace and harmony. We will write a custom essay sample on Religious groups in Mediterranean in 900 a. d. or any similar topic only for you Order Now This resulted in the practice of cosmopolitan culture, and people of both the religions lived in mutual trust creating unique blend of Western Civilization, where in the contribution both the Christianity (Western) and Islam was more or less equal. Notwithstanding the dominance of the Muslims (Islam), religious harmony was the hallmark of the era. But the peaceful situation did not last for long. Arabic (related to Islam) was the primary language of cultural preservation and socio-spiritual progress during 800 a. d. in the Mediterranean history. In the initial stages, the language and religion (Islam) were imposed on the people. The impact of Islam was greatest during this century. It remained so between the 7th and 13th centuries. Every religion is linked or associated with a particular language like Arabic to Islam! The language prospers means the concerned religion thrives and vice versa. During the ascendance of Arabic language, Hebrew and Latin had also an important roles to play. They were clerical languages. At the same time, Arabic, apart from being the clerical language, was the language of poetry and prose as well . The califal library in Islamic Cordoba alone held 4000 books -the librarian’s catalog held information on some 600,000 volumes. The laymen of Spain do not have the knowledge of the immense contribution of the Muslim culture beyond the architectural remnants. But they celebrate with great pomp and fanfare the festival of the rout of the Muslim pirates. Notwithstanding the dominance of the Muslims (Islam), religious harmony was the hallmark of the era. To the eighth century Muslims, Iberian Peninsula was the entry point. The emotional, physical and spiritual atmosphere was perfect. Cultural progress and constructive socio-spiritual activities were possible under such circumstances. Exquisite architectural masterpieces were built and scholarly writing was encouraged, and this had a profound influence on the life in Mediterranean area and many other parts of the world, for centuries to come. This is the greatest contribution of Muslims to this region in 900 a. d. â€Å"The Muslims who entered Iberia through the Gibraltar Strait in 711 defeated the Visigoths and moved up to the Pyrenees and maintained their stay for several centuries. Finally, with the fall of Granada in 1492, the Muslim presence was ended by Christian forces from the north. The Muslim-led civilization of medieval Iberia, a. k. a. Al-Andalus made many noteworthy contributions to humanity. † The influence of Islam that began in the early 7th Century continued till the 11thcentury. The greatness of this civilization and the dominance of Arabic language have been highlighted by many scholars in their works. There were scholars who worked exclusively on copying Quran. That was not the era of the printing press. Book worship was the dominant quality of the Islamic polity. The Islamic Rulers encouraged building book-treasurers. So, Islam combined with Arabic language had profound influence in Spain and on the Mediterranean world during 900 a. d. It is pertinent to note here, what happened in 800 a. d. would contribute to the subsequent developments in 900 a. d. onwards. It was a period of positive and negative developments. The constitution of the new Empire sealed the break between the West and the East. It perhaps gave the West a new Roman Empire. Muslims incursions began to take place with more intensity across the Mediterranean, and they did not hesitate to impose their language and religion on the populace of the conquered territory. Trade across the Mediterranean came to a standstill and the ports, through which the merchandise arrived, were deserted with no commercial activity. The sea was no longer a safe route for commerce, because chaos prevailed all over the interior Mediterranean region initially. Due to the relentless pressure put by the invading Islamic outfits, Western Christian Civilization moved north. This resulted in the suspension of the contact with eastern, Byzantine Christianity. Over a period, they developed and formed into two distinct Christian groups. The common identity was lost. This situation worked to the advantage of Islam in the long run because their ‘religious enemies’ stood divided. Their hold and influence on the Mediterranean became even stronger. In this process, the replacement of Christianity of the southern and western Mediterranean areas by Islamic outfits had a catastrophic effect on Europe. In certain areas, a biased tax system was introduced to promote Islam. Additional taxes were imposed on Christians, but those who embraced Islam, were exempted. The religious persecution became order of the day. So the factors that contributed to the Muslim ascendancy were: patronage by the rulers for this religion, religious persecution for subjects practicing other religions, encouragement to literature in Arabic language, relentless pressure of the invading Islamic outfits on the people of Spain and the Mediterranean region. How to cite Religious groups in Mediterranean in 900 a. d., Papers

Films on Jews before after WWII free essay sample

Explores themes, intentions, responses to rise fall of Hitler Holocaust in House of Rothschild (1934), Great Dictator (1940), Crossfire (1947) others. The Holocaust was not a known quantity in the years when America was intent on fighting World War II. After the war, knowledge of the Holocaust would increase, beginning with the terrible pictures sent around the world as the Allies liberated the prison camps and discovered what had been taking place in them. References to these events then made their way into a number of post-war films, among them Crossfire, Gentlemans Agreement, and The Stranger. During the years of the war itself, though, anti-Semitism was barely a subject at all in Hollywood films in spite of the fact that Hollywood was known as a Jewish industry because of the number of studio heads and producers who were Jewish. Judith E. Doneson wants to call the films reflecting anti-Semitism around this time Holocaust films and offers a definition. We will write a custom essay sample on Films on Jews before after WWII or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page .

International Graduate School Exhibit Shows

Introduction One of the most popular marketing communications campaigns of promoting a masters degree program to potential students has been through the use of educational exhibits that are done in cooperation with the British Council.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on International Graduate School Exhibit Shows specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The British Council (not to be confused as a government entity) is an international education marketing service that enables schools within the UK (and other countries as well) to connect with potential students around the world. This is done through education exhibits wherein various schools have booths that showcase what programs potential students can go for, what amenities can they expect from their respective universities and whether one particular type of program is better than another. Thus, from the perspective of students, the British Council marketing campaign can be considered as one of the best methods of learning what particular program would be best for them. However, despite the advantages showcase by this particular method of direct promotion, it must be questioned whether such a marketing initiative is effective at all given that several of the locations that the British council has campaigned in have students that would not be able to afford the high tuition fees associated with learning within a U.K. based school. International Advertising International advertising initiatives such as those done by the British Council in countries such as Indonesia, Ghana and the Philippines all attempt to target new markets within foreign countries due to flat growth in their main consumer markets (i.e. the U.S.) They do this by utilizing print ads and television advertisements in order to create an association between education and success (i.e. if a person learns at a particular university in the UK they will become wealthy) which results in a far greater degree of students applying.Advertising Looking for essay on advertising? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In this case, this is a form of informative advertising wherein companies seek to create greater awareness for their products/services. The research methodology behind this form of advertising is basically one which involves creating an association between a new product and a given benefit. For example, advertising campaigns tend to associate the use of some beauty creams as a means of getting a more â€Å"youthful† look. Targeting the Correct Market Segment What must be understood is that the ultimate goal of advertising is to be able target products to the consumers who want to buy them. As such, in order to create sales for a company what is needed is to examine the current market and customers and determine why a product or service is not selling and revise strategies accordingly in order to target the correct market segment. Companies in such situations can approach their relationships with consumers through the use of a systematic, rigorous process of segmentation, targeting and positioning which should result in the company being able to determine which consumer segment to approach and how to properly position itself to create sales and maximize profit (Shankar 1999). In the case of many of today’s advertising agencies, this comes in the form of traditional advertising strategies (i.e. print ads, television commercials or sponsorships) or non traditional methods of advertising which take the form of online ads and viral video campaigns which are becoming increasingly popular as a means of reaching millions of people with a relatively small budget. When examining the case of the British Council campaign in promoting UK based educational institutions, it must be questioned whether their strategy of expansion in various Asian markets is a smart one given the limited funding of local populations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on International Graduate School Exhibit Shows specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For example, when examining the locations where the British Council has been holding its educational fairs, it can be seen that they have events occurring within Indonesia, the Philippines, Nigeria, Ghana and Mauritius. While it is not the intent of this paper to disparage the potential such locations have for producing high quality students, the fact remains that these locations have income levels that are far below the UK norm. Even though there would be willing students, it is unlikely that they would even be able to afford the tuition even if significant levels of financial assistance were provided. As such, this calls into question the viability of the target market approach that the British Council educational institution promotion strategy is employing. One aspect to take int o consideration when it comes to this type of advertising is the fact that at times certain products become a â€Å"tough sell†. In such cases what is needed is to frame an offer to get rid of the objection so as to entice consumers to purchase the product once more despite the market environment dictating the complete opposite type of buying behavior. This process in effect creates a buying situation where the consumer observes the perks of buying a particular product and neglects to take into account the possible negative implications of the sale. Such a situation would normally be possible in market segments that have the excess liquidity to actually buy a product yet are unable to do so. However, within the context of the British Council campaign, despite the efforts of the organization to promote the product (i.e. education in the UK) the fact remains that relatively few people within some of the countries that the campaign advertises in actually have students that can a fford the product they are offering.Advertising Looking for essay on advertising? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More One strategy that is often utilized in advertising is the use of discounts when selling particular products such as various services (i.e. advertising).What you have to understand is that people love a bargain and, as such, it is at times necessary to lower prices in order to have some form of income rather than none at all (Grà ¸nhaug, Kvitastein Grà ¸nmo 1991). Such a tactic contributes significantly towards the agency’s advertising strategy since this enables consumers to perceive that they are getting their money’s worth when it comes to purchasing the company’s services. As such, if the British Council were to offer partial scholarships to lower the cost of education for particular educational institutions, then it may be possible to actually create a market situation where there would be actual buyers instead of mere onlookers. Present Day Advertising Strategies using the Internet One of the methods that the British Council has utilized in order to prom ote its various education fairs has been through the use of the internet. The sheer proliferation of social media platforms such as blogs, wikis and online forums has created an unprecedented opportunity for advertising services like the British Council to take advantage of this new social trend in order to promote particular products and services via online social platforms. Nearly 22% of all online activity within the U.S. alone is spent on social networking websites and as such is indicative of the consumer market share that social media platforms could potentially provide to the company should it utilize such an advertising tool. Furthermore it has been proven that using social media programs such as viral advertising initiatives results in a certain degree of â€Å"hype† being generated for a particular product or service yet only cost a fraction of a standard advertising campaign. Thus from a cost-benefit standpoint the utilization of social media platforms as advertisi ng tools is not only advantageous for an advertising agency in terms of brand promotion and gaining a certain degree of market penetration into potentially untapped consumer segments but it can do so at a relatively low cost and as such presents numerous potential avenues of approach by which an agency can generate consumer awareness of its clients products. One way in which the British council has been utilizing social media in advertising its various university fairs was to create a Facebook fan page for the company in order to help better connect itself with its current customer base. What must be understood is that by creating a fan page this allows subscribed Facebook fans to receive updates from the company in the form of fair launch dates, overall service availability, performance and other factors that can contribute to its sale. In fact a fan page creates a â€Å"human† face for the company in that by posting daily news regarding the particular industry the company i s in. This helps consumers to better understand the British council and thus create a greater degree of awareness for the various fairs which translates into a higher likelihood of service patronage. It is also interesting to note that through the fan page the company can also better facilitate particular promotions such as discounts, special contests and other such methods of promotional advertising that are meant to entice greater public interest. Various companies ranging from the alcoholic beverage maker Jack Daniels to the computer manufacturer Asus have Facebook fan pages and this has enabled them to create a larger consumer fan base since instead of the company merely being a nameless entity that consumers buy products or services from, it is subsequently transformed into an entity with particular views, positions on current events and even a sense of humor when it comes to posting its daily wall posts Effective Use of Advertising While advertising is an effective means for a UK based university to communicate with its potential students and deliver its intended message, this does not mean that all types of advertising are suitable for delivering a message for a particular type of company or a specific kind of product (Proctor, Proctor, Papasolomou-Doukakis 2002). Since most students can be considered as being rational consumers they would of course tend to patronize a product that they believe is within their price range, is of exceptional quality and has a higher degree of total utility compared to similar products within the market. This would result in students having a greater likelihood of going for a particular university that they saw through informative advertising since for them it fulfills all the prerequisites needed for effective consumption. However, it should be noted that within the context of college education promotions, persuasive advertising is utilized as a means of changing a consumers mind by presenting a need that did not previo usly exist. For example, when going to these fairs people initially have no idea that they need to take up a masters degree, however, after the various presentations given by schools and by the British Council itself, this creates the desire for a masters degree due to the supposed advantages of having one. This can come in the form of showing potential career advantages that come with a master’s degree, how obtaining one would result in more opportunities in the future and lastly how it would actually be fun to take up advanced education in another country. Conclusion Based on the examination of the British Council campaign that was examined, it can be seen that advertising is a way in which a company generates interest in a particular product line in order to encourage greater sales within specific markets. It also acts as a method to generate a certain degree of â€Å"hype† and product patronage for the products/services that the company is offering (Hirschman Thom pson 1997). In some product markets, certain types of consumer goods and services require â€Å"an extra push† so to speak when trying to conduct normal business operations. In such instances, if customers are not buying, more often than not, it is an indication that a company is targeting the wrong people (Hirschman Thompson 1997). Taking this into consideration, it can be assumed that in cases where a hard to sell product is involved it is not that the company is experiencing a situation where the consumer does not want to be a customer but rather the company is merely targeting the wrong consumer market. It is in such instances that techniques such as informative, reassuring and persuasive advertising are utilized in order to gain the patronage of the market segment that the company is aiming for. Based on the various examples that have been presented, it can be seen that despite various forms of consumable media in the form of print ads, billboards, commercials, online a dvertising campaigns and a plethora of other types of advertising initiatives being present in the world today, not all techniques utilized in their creation are applicable to particular companies, products or services. At times it requires a specific type of advertising initiative whether informative, persuasive or reassuring in order to reach the ultimate goal of advertising which is to be able target products/services to the consumers who want to buy them and retain their patronage for as long as possible. Reference List Grà ¸nhaug, K, Kvitastein, O, Grà ¸nmo, S 1991, ‘Factors moderating advertising effectiveness as reflected in 333 tested advertisements’, Journal Of Advertising Research, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 42-50, Hirschman, E, Thompson, C 1997, ‘Why Media Matter: Toward a Richer Understanding of Consumers’ Relationships with Advertising and Mass Media’, Journal Of Advertising, vol.26, no.1, pp. 43-60 Proctor, S, Proctor, T, Papasolomou-Douk akis, I 2002, ‘A post-modern perspective on advertisements and their analysis’, Journal Of Marketing Communications, vol.8, no. 1, pp. 31-44 Shankar, A 1999, ‘Advertising’s imbroglio’, Journal Of Marketing Communications, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 1-15 This essay on International Graduate School Exhibit Shows was written and submitted by user Shane Maxwell to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Fries Rebellion of 1799

Fries Rebellion of 1799 In 1798, the United States federal government imposed a new tax on houses, land, and slaves. As with most taxes, nobody was very happy to pay it. Most notably among the unhappy citizens were Pennsylvania Dutch farmers who owned lots of land and houses but no slaves. Under the leadership of Mr. John Fries, they dropped their plows and picked up their muskets to launch Fries’ Rebellion of 1799, the third tax rebellion in the then-short history of the United States. The Direct House Tax of 1798 In 1798, the United States’ first major foreign policy challenge, the Quasi-War with France, seemed to be heating up. In response, Congress enlarged the Navy and raised a large army. To pay for it, Congress, in July 1798, enacted the Direct House Tax imposing $2 million in taxes on real estate and slaves to be apportioned among the states. The Direct House Tax was the first – and only – such direct federal tax on privately-owned real estate ever imposed. In addition, Congress had recently enacted the Alien and Sedition Acts, which restricted speech determined to be critical of the government and increased the power of the federal executive branch to imprison or deport aliens considered â€Å"dangerous to the peace and safety of the United States.† John Fries Rallies the Pennsylvania Dutch Having enacted the nation’s first state law abolishing slavery in 1780, Pennsylvania had very few slaves in 1798. As a result, the federal Direct House Tax was to be assessed throughout the state based on houses and land, with the taxable value of houses to be determined by the size and number of windows. As federal tax assessors rode through the countryside measuring and counting windows, strong opposition to the tax began to grow. Many people refused to pay, arguing that the tax was not being levied equally in proportion to the state’s population as required by the U.S. Constitution. In February 1799, Pennsylvania auctioneer John Fries organized meetings in Dutch communities in the southeastern part of the state to discuss how to best oppose the tax. Many of the citizens favored simply refusing to pay. When residents of the Milford Township physically threatened federal tax assessors, preventing them from doing their job, the government held a public meeting to explain and justify the tax. Far from being reassured, several protestors, some of them armed and wearing Continental Army uniforms, showed up waving flags and shouting slogans. In the face of the threatening crowd, the government agents canceled the meeting. Fries warned the federal tax assessors to stop doing their assessments and leave Milford. When the assessors refused, Fries led an armed band of residents that eventually forced the assessors to flee the town. Fries Rebellion Begins and Ends Encouraged by his success in Milford, Fries organized a militia, which accompanied by a growing band of armed irregular soldiers, drilled as an army to the accompaniment of drum and fife. In late March 1799, about 100 of Fries’ troops rode toward Quakertown intent on arresting the federal tax assessors. After reaching Quakertown the tax rebels succeeded in capturing a number of the assessors but released them after warning them not to come back to Pennsylvania and demanding that they tell U.S. President John Adams what had happened. As opposition to the House Tax spread to the rest of Pennsylvania, federal tax assessors in Penn resigned under threats of violence. Assessors in the towns of Northampton and Hamilton also asked to resign but were not allowed to do so at the time. The federal government responded by issuing warrants and sending a U.S. Marshal to arrest people in Northampton on charges of tax resistance. The arrests were made largely without incident and continued in other nearby towns until an angry crowd in Millerstown confronted the marshal demanding that the marshal not arrest a particular citizen. After arresting a handful of other people, the marshal took his prisoners to be held in the town of Bethlehem. Vowing to free the prisoners, two separate groups of armed tax rebels organized by Fries marched on Bethlehem. However, the federal militia guarding the prisoners turned away the rebels, arresting Fries and other leaders of his now-failed rebellion. The Rebels FaceTrial For their participation in Fries’ Rebellion, thirty men were placed on trial in federal court. Fries and two of his followers were convicted of treason and sentenced to be hanged. Swayed by his strict interpretation the Constitution’s often-debated definition of the crime of treason, President Adams pardoned Fries and the others convicted of treason. On May 21, 1800, Adams granted general amnesty to all participants in Fries’ rebellion stating that the rebels, most of whom spoke German, were â€Å"as ignorant of our language as they were of our laws† and that they had been duped by the â€Å"great men† of the Anti-Federalist Party who opposed granting the federal government the power to tax the personal property of the American people. Fries’ Rebellion was the last of three tax revolts staged in the United States during the 18th century. It was preceded by Shays Rebellion from 1786 to 1787 in central and western Massachusetts and the Whiskey Rebellion of 1794 in western Pennsylvania. Today, Fries’ Rebellion is commemorated by a state historical marker located in Quakertown, Pennsylvania, where the revolt began.

There, Their, Theyre

There, Their, Theyre There, Their, Theyre There, Their, Theyre By Sharon When two words sound alike (known as homonyms), it s easy to think they mean the same thing. English being what it is, they usually dont and its important to get them right so you say exactly what you mean. For example, whats the difference between their, there and theyre? The three are often mixed up when writing, because they sound exactly the same. However, the meanings of these three words couldnt be more different. Their Lets start with their. Its the possessive form of they, which means it is used to show ownership or belonging. If something belongs to them, it is their item. Example: Michael and Lola left their car at home as it was a fine night. There If you are talking about a place or location, then you need the word there. This word indicates where something goes or where something is. Example: Michael dropped his coat on the floor. Lola said: Dont put it there, Michael. Hang it on a hook. Theyre Finally, theyre is a contraction of they are, with the apostrophe showing where the letter a has been left out. If you sound it out in full in the sentence and it sounds right, then youve got the right one. Otherwise, it must be one of the other two. Example: Where are my parents meeting us? asked Lola. Theyre meeting us at the restaurant, said Michael. Putting It All Together Once you have these three straight, then you can easily make sense of a sentence like this: Their car is being repaired, so theyre taking a cab to get there, said Michael. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:4 Types of Gerunds and Gerund PhrasesSocial vs. SocietalEducational vs. Educative

EA frameworks Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

EA frameworks - Research Paper Example An architected system will frequently provide a pervasive "appearance and experience" that makes the whole systems more identifiable and consequently make the systems simpler and rather easy to learn and use (Finneran). From the perspectives of a lot of people of the industry, there is nothing considered to be vital for the transactions of the business than the utilization of working descriptions. It could as well be presumed that nothing is extra isolated." An architectural method provides operational descriptions as a part of its extensive business terminology furthermore consequently help widespread establishment of business strategies and enforcement methods. Additionally, the enterprise architecture provides a deep understanding into business process improvement (equally in total quality management (or TQM) and/or re-engineering) by describing preliminary business procedural paradigm and makes the consequence reliance so significant to the development of business procedures and methodologies. Moreover, the enterprise architecture provides a useful technique to speak about the architecture mechanisms to the objectives of the business as well as specific goals to be achieved, therefore providing impending into the business inspiration in terms of both the data as well as procedures of the business (Finneran) and (wikipedia-1). An effectively managed enterprise architecture scheme looks for to support the handy information management transactions, to the level that is rather possible as well as gives assured utilization of metrics to efficiently estimate the quality as well as amount of both the business procedure plus the productivity supported for information technology. An enterprise architecture framework assembles cooperative techniques, tools, procedure standards, artifact descriptions, orientation models plus management carried out by

Ethical Issue Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethical Issue - Case Study Example Additionally, the principle of autonomy forbids health care providers from exerting pressure on patients to undergo procedures with they do not want performed on them. As such, exerting pressure or failing to give all the pertinent information that a patient requires may result in a breach of the ethical principle of autonomy (Butts and Rich, 2013). Additionally, the principle of autonomy also requires that the vulnerable population, such as the elderly be provided with adequate protection by those administering care to them. This is because they may not be able to understand the information that they require to make the right decision. Based on the facts of the case, it is clear that the principle of autonomy applies to Mr. Jones case in a number of ways. Firstly, the case shows that Mr. Jones, who is an elderly patient requires immediate attention from health care professionals so that his condition can be treated. The medical condition requires that the patient undergo an invasive procedure, such as inserting the tube in his stomach to enable him feed and gain weight. However, according to the principle of autonomy, it is important that the patient be given ample time and opportunity to make an informed decision as to whether or not to undergo the invasive procedure (Butts and Rich, 2013). Therefore, the health care providers adhered to this principle because they gave Mr. Jones ample time and the opportunity to decide whether to undergo an invasive procedure or not. For instance, after Mr. Jones had declined to undergo the treatment, one of the health care professional suggested that the patient be given enough time to make an informed decision, which adhered to the principle. The principle of autonomy also applied to this case because the situation required that the patient be provided with the necessary information to enable him makes an informed decision. Again it is clear from the fact of the case since the health care providers did give all the

Korean Wave Being South Korea’s Economic Growth Booster Essay Example for Free

Korean Wave Being South Korea’s Economic Growth Booster Essay Korean Wave is the growing aspiration to know more about South Korean culture. South Korea itself is an export-orientated country with a total trade volume of 884.2 billion in 2010, which makes South Korea the 7th largest exporter and 10th largest importer in the world. The cultural sector is the second biggest contributor after technological sector to the South Korea’s economic growth. The goods produced by the cultural sector are brought by the Korean Wave not only to the Asian but also to the American and Western markets. Korean Wave does give big contribution to South Korean’s economy through movies, pop music, tourism, and traditional arts. When we think of Korean Wave, we should mainly think of Korean drama and film industries. For example, the Korean wave took an extra boost with the popular TV dramas like â€Å"Winter Sonata† and â€Å"Jewel Palace†. For film, we can take â€Å"Old Boy† and â€Å"Bin Jip† as examples, which were extremely popular, even in Europe. The fact that importing a Korean dramas is a lot cheaper than having to purchase it from any other country can be a reason as well as the emotionally powerful plots they have. Besides Korean movies, Korean pop music also deserves a place on the list of exported Korean culture. K-Pop or Korean Pop is a musical genre originating in South Korea consisting of pop, dance, electropop, hip hop, rock, RB, and electronic music. Let’s say Super Junior, 2NE1, SNSD, Wonder Girls, Big Bang, 2PM, JYP, IU, and many more, who does not know them? In 2011, these groups and singers have donated 35 trillion rupiah to South Korea’s GDP. These idols have a big impact on their fans’ culture, including food, fashion, make-up trends, and even plastic surgery. Leading talent agencies such as S.M. Entertainment Co. and YG Entertainment said recent concerts held by Korean entertainers in the United States and Europe have shown the potential for growth in markets outside of Asia. Korean big business is trying to transform those fans into consumers of Korean products and services. Korean Wave is exposing the beauty attracts that both of their celebrities and the places used by their popular movies have. The locations of the Korean movies took place has become a main destination for tourists. These tourists are mostly the fans who are willing to collect all their savings and travel to Korea just to see the place where their favorite scene in their movie took place, or even to watch their idols on a live show. The filming location of †Full House† in Shido Island, â€Å"Jewel in the Palace† in Daejanggeum Theme Park, Winter Sonata in Nami Island, and so on. Another tourism spots that people aim to visit in Korea are â€Å"Locks of Love† in Namsan Tower, a historic pagoda-style gateway Namdaemun, and another shopping places like Myeong-dong shopping area and Busan market. South Korea is also well-known as a hot spot for medical tourism, the country is expanding its one-stop plastic surgery centers to deal with the influx of foreigners fly ing in for surgical procedures. The government’s goal is to attract one million foreign patients by 2020. Thus, interest in flying to Korea is rising, so is the national income. There are also some Korean traditional arts that interest foreigners to visit Korea. They are like Hanok, Jeongjae, Buchaechum, Nongok, and Taepyeongmu. Hanok is Korean traditional house, whereas Jeongjae , Buchaechum, Nongok, and Taepyeongmu are Korean tradional dances. And don’t forget the Korean ceramics and Korean pottery, that most of them are went to Japan The road to Korean Wave is trodden everyday by new visitors who are warmly welcomed by Korean people and fascinated by the culture. The drive to know more about Korea stimulates Korean Wave to develop into more sophisticated cultural forms, which in turn, brings Korean Wave to a higher level. With this Korean Wave showing the advanced condition of South Korea itself, another countries’ awareness to invest in South Korea increases.

A Jest Of God :: essays research papers

A Jest of God We were strangers from the beginning tormented by our difference which did not exist. (Betsy Warland) An important ingredient inherent in a successful mother-daughter relationship is balance. Like the scales of justice, maintaining equilibrium requires work. The special bond between mother and daughter is delicate and unlike any other relationship due to expectations of performance on behalf of both women. The female psyche is, characteristically, particular: each woman having a certain regiment making themselves unique. Ideals and behavior learned, possibly inherited, from others are two of many things which carve an individual's personality. It is these similarities and differences which often cause conflicts between mother and daughter. In A Jest of God, the relationship between Rachel and her mother is strained due to unspoken expectations that each had of the other. Stemming from poor communication, a host of differences were assumed to exist between the two, when in fact their struggle originated in their sameness. The largest weapon which spear-headed the communication war between Rachel and her mother was the generation gap; coming from different eras, the pair assumed they had nothing in common. In Rachel's eyes her mother was a pristine, saintly woman who maintained high moral values for herself and her family. Therefore, being a good person and making the right decisions was never questionable to Rachel, as this was how her mother expected her to behave. Rachel listened numerous times to her mother comment on how "peculiar" her behavior looked, and spoke of anyone else she observed doing the same. Although this annoyed Rachel about her mother, she adopted similar paranoia tendencies, speculating how her behavior with Nick, a summer beau, looked to anyone who could be watching or noticing. Irritated by her mother's attitude, Rachel excused it on the pretense that her views reflected the past times in which she lived. However, Rachel had neither the patience nor the desire to speak out against her mother for fear of stirring trouble between them. The irony in Rachel's decision is that their relationship needed just what she was so desperately trying to avoid. By turning her back on the communication problem between herself and her mother, Rachel wanted to believe that the problem was inherent in the misunderstanding each had of the other. Underneath her shell, Rachel was coming to terms with what was really true of the gap between herself and her mother: their difference lay in her want to not be similar. Both were single: Rachel unmarried and her mother a widow. Through her fling with Nick, Rachel wanted to express her desires to be independent from her mother, and have an adult

Governor Phillip Essay

In this essay, I would like to examine the respective educational theories of the two men: Professor Higgins Pygmalion and Governor Phillip Our Country’s Good. Both men believe in the process of amelioration: that is, both believe in the redemptive power of ‘fine language’; if people speak fine language, they will find themselves morally or socially improved. Both believe that people, who are born into the lower classes, are not doomed to live their lives at a disadvantage. Moreover, if given the opportunity to use the ‘divine gift of articulate speech’, then they can achieve a degree of upward mobility. I should like to look first at the relationship between Professor Higgins and Eliza in Pygmalion, which is set in an era of social mobility and depends for its effect upon the English class system. In particular, I would like to examine the idea that a person’s position in society can be accurately measured by her speech-style. Henry Higgins, a professor of linguistics, believes that Eliza Doolittle (‘draggletailed guttersnipe’) can be transformed into a ‘duchess. ‘ Higgins is a scientist conducting an experiment. He wants Eliza to talk genteelly. His precise ambition is to ‘pass that girl off as a duchess at an ambassador’s garden party’. Higgins is extremely selfish (‘What does it matter what becomes of you’) and professes not to be interested in Eliza’s personal progress at all, in fact only teaching her to win a bet between Pickering and himself: THE NOTE-TAKER (HIGGINS): Well, sir, in three months I could pass that girl off as a duchess at an ambassador’s garden party. PICKERING: I’ll say youre the greatest teacher alive if you make that good. I’ll bet you all the expenses of the experiment you cant do it. As this exchange shows, Pickering has just given Professor Higgins the incentive to teach Eliza. Higgins is very vain (‘I can place any man in London’) and is teaching Eliza to stop using cockney dialect: ‘Lisson Grove lingo’ such as ‘Garn! ‘ and ‘you ought to be stuffed with nails, you ought! ‘ She also uses double negatives in her speech: ‘I aint got no parents’ where, grammatically, it should be ‘I don’t have any parents. ‘ In Act Two, Eliza goes one step further by saying, ‘I dont want never to see him again I dont’ which is in fact a triple negative. During his ‘experiment in teaching’, Higgins encounters ‘the difficulty’ of getting Eliza to talk grammatically. Teaching her to pronounce the words properly is ‘easy’ enough, but teaching her to understand English grammar is more complicated. When she comes to Higgins, her grammar is atrocious (‘I wont stay here if I dont like’), for she is using adjectives instead of adverbs. However, she is aware of her social standing. Although she knows that she is not a lady (‘I couldnt sleep here, its too good for the likes of me’), she also knows that she is not a tramp and regularly states she is not a prostitute (‘Im a good girl I am’). This chorus is her motto and shows that she has a sense of decorum. In Act Three, about three months into the experiment, Eliza undertakes what we make call a half-term test. She goes to Mrs Higgins ‘at home day’. There, she does well in her greetings of Mrs Eynsford Hill and her daughter, Clara; her four syllables ‘how do you do? ‘ are said with ‘pedantic pronunciation and great beauty of tone’. Then, however, the topic of conversation begins to turn towards incongruous subjects: ‘My Aunt died of influenza, so they said†¦ but it is my belief they done her in’. Higgins explains away Eliza’s inappropriate remark by saying that it is the new ‘small talk’. Shortly afterwards, he gives the signal to Eliza that she should leave. When asked by Freddy if she is walking, she replies with the best remark in the play: ‘Walk! Not bloody likely. Im going in a taxi’. She departs, much to the shock of the genteel folk. The conflict in this exchange is between Eliza’s ‘perfectly elegant diction’ and the crude adjective that she uses. This example of ‘Lisson Grove lingo’ or ‘kerbstone English’, when spoken in an upper-class accent, sounds incongruous and creates uproarious laughter. When we next catch up with Eliza, she has made a successful transformation from a ‘flower girl†¦ as clean as she can afford to be’ to a ‘princess †¦ in opera cloak, evening dress, diamonds, fan, flowers and all accessories’. She is at her final test, an International party at ‘an Embassy’ in London. Neppomuck, Higgins’ first student, attends, working as an interpreter: ‘I speak 32 languages†¦ You place a man anywhere in London, I place any man in Europe’. The hostess of the party instructs Neppomuck to use his skills on Eliza: ‘I have found out all about her, she is a fraud’. As Higgins thinks that he has failed and it is all over, Neppomuck reveals: ‘She is of Hungarian origin and of Royal blood. She is a Princess! ‘ Higgins, as is shown, has succeeded in his mission to transform Eliza’s speech from that of a ‘common flower girl’ to that of an ‘aristocrat’. Later, when Eliza asks Pickering if she had won his bet, he replies: ‘Won it my dear, you have won it 10 times over’. This speech by Colonel Pickering makes Eliza feel successful and when, after the party, Higgins makes an entirely selfish analysis of the ‘ordeal’ through which Eliza has been going, (‘No more artificial duchesses. The whole thing has been simple purgatory’) she passes moral judgement on him (‘you selfish brute’). When we see Eliza at Mrs. Higgins’ house we are shown that neither Higgins nor Pickering has any concept of mental cruelty, for they think that the way they have treated Eliza (who is ‘naturally rather affectionate’) by ignoring her and saying how glad they are that it is all over, is perfectly acceptable. In Act Five, Eliza realises that her ‘real education’ is not in phonetics but in manners. Eliza explains how she acquired ‘self-respect’ and has ‘risen in the world’. Shaw then puts in her mouth a political speech critical of class-differences in England in 1916: ‘The difference between a lady and a flower girl is not how she behaves but how she’s treated’ This declaration brings us on to discussing Our Country’s Good and Governor Phillip. At the heart of Governor Phillip’s educational theory is the belief that, if the convicts are treated as talented individuals, they will acquire self-respect. Arthur Phillip has been made ‘governor-in-chief’ of a penal colony in 18th century Australia. The criminals have been transported – a form of punishment at that time – on a convict ship to Australia, which was the most frequent destination. Excluding the convicts, there are several other men, of various ranks, with Phillip. Among these are Captain Watkin Tench and Judge David Collins, both of whom lack sensitivity. Phillip is a humanitarian and thinks it unnecessary to ‘cross fifteen thousand miles of ocean to erect another Tyburn’? : that is, to go to the other side of the Earth to hang people who could have been hanged in Britain. Tench, on the other hand, thinks that the convicts ‘laugh at hangings’ and it is ‘their favourite form of entertainment’. Phillip wishes to be humane and considers lashing as an alternative, but because the punishment is ‘unobserved’, Collins deems it useless for it ‘will not serve as a sharp example’: that is, it will not deter the other convicts. Tench agrees with him by saying that ‘justice and humaneness have never gone hand in hand’. When the discussion turns to plays and preferred authors, Phillip has the idea of the convicts putting on a play ‘for the good of the colony’. This is our first notion of the differences between Governor Phillip and Professor Higgins; Higgins is teaching Eliza for his own ‘good’, to improve his reputation, not for her benefit nor ‘our country’s good’. The only play they have is George Farquhar’s The Recruiting Officer (1706), which is a Restoration comedy. In Act One Scene Five, Phillip asks Second Lieutenant Ralph Clark to organise the play. He doesn’t really want to do it and to begin with is not very enthusiastic, but he is hopeful of promotion and so does it to please the Governor. He hears that a convict called Mary Brenham can read and write, so he roots her out. She is with her friend, Dabby Bryant, when he comes to talk to her. When he asks her questions to discover if she can read and write, Dabby interrupts and tells him: ‘She used to read to us on the ship. We loved it. ‘ This disclosure reveals Mary’s human potential; it reveals also that some convicts are sensitive to those who have been desensitised through brutal treatment. When Dabby says, ‘Mary wants to be in your play’, she is telling us that Mary wants something to look forward to, something to anticipate. When Ralph Clark starts reading some lines with her from the play, she reads the line: ‘Whilst there is life, there is hope’ This is a perfect example of a syntactically balanced ‘sentiment’. This proverbial saying comments exquisitely on their situation within the colony. In Act One Scene Six, ‘The Authorities Discuss the Merits of the Theatre’, Major Robbie Ross shows his contempt for the play (‘we’ll all be struck with stricturing starvation – and you – you – a play! ‘) Ross is a reactionary figure; he adopts a hostile manner towards the idea that the convicts may be capable of ‘sentiment’ and rehabilitation. He believes that they are incorrigible, beyond redemption; he has no confidence in the redemptive power of Farquhar’s language. Ross wastes no opportunity to vituperate against the convicts (‘vice ridden vermin! ‘), especially the women, whom he considers lower forms of life (‘Filthy, thieving, lying whores’). He scoffs at the fact that they are allowed to perform a play of ‘fine language, sentiment’ (‘Plays! ‘). In the same scene as Ross’ accusations, we find that these are actually civilised men: ‘The sky of this Southern Hemisphere is full of wonders. Have you looked at the constellations? ‘ Astronomy seems to be a reasonably intelligent pursuit. Phillip now shows his enlightened position– ‘We are indeed here to supervise the convicts who are already being punished by their long exile. Surely they can also be reformed? ‘

Decision Making Process Paper Week One

Decision Making Process Paper Week One MGT 230 Decision making is part of a person’s every day daily routine. We all wake up and have to decide what we are going to wear for the day. Some of us may even decide not to get ready at all. The magnitude of peoples’ decisions is dependent on many factors. It is important to thoroughly analyze a situation before making decisions. My family and I had lived in Newport News, Virginia for about three years. My wife and I had rented our homes ever since we got married.In 2009, I finally received military orders to be stationed back home in beautiful Coronado, California in San Diego County. We had a common obstacle, where in San Diego did we want to live and did we really want to rent? â€Å"There’s no question that buying a house makes sense for some folks, but mainly for non-financial reasons. Owning a home gives you stability (you’re not at the mercy of a landlord) and freedom (you can do what you want with the pl ace). But financially, it’s not always the best bet. † (Roth [insert & â€Å"comma† and â€Å"Snell†] 2012) We had to figure out if owning was for us.First we went through all of our finances and determined how much dispensable income we had. Fortunately, we didn’t have much debt which gave us a pretty large positive margin between our income and our debts. We then determined how much we would likely spend on variable expenses such as gasoline, entertainment, utilities, etc. Once we determined how much we could afford to pay for rent or a mortgage, we immediately wrote a list of all the cities we wanted to live in San Diego according to school districts and safety for our children.Next we did rental searches and price searches for home in the cities we wanted to live in to get an idea of how much we would be paying for rent or a mortgage and if it was within our allowable spending limit. â€Å"The third stage of decision making involves determining the value or adequacy of the alternatives that were generated. In other words, which solution will be the best? † (Bateman, [insert â€Å"&† before comma†] Snell 2011) From this point, we had to determine which solution would work best for us.This narrowed down our search to two cities, and we realized that renting a home would cost just as much as owning a house that we would be happy with. We contacted a realtor that was recommended by my parents and began our search for a new house. During the time of our house search, there was a tax stimulus that we wanted to take advantage of for first time home buyers, but there was only a couple of months left in the program and I only had two weeks to look at houses and have an accepted offer.Also, if we didn’t choose a house before I left, we would have lost our opportunity to take advantage of the tax credit that was available to first time home buyers. We felt very rushed, looked at a handful of houses and quic kly put an offer in for the best one we saw due to time restraints. I flew back to Virginia from leave and found out our offer was accepted. We closed escrow in a month and my family moved into our new house. It was an exciting time in our lives. Chapter three’s Managerial Decision Making similarly resembles our decision making process when we decided to buy our first home with the exception of a couple steps.We didn’t quite discover a problem as stated for a first step in the decision making process, but we did determine that buying a home would be a better overall decision for us. The book’s second and third steps were similar to ours because we did generate another solution which was to rent, and we did evaluate each solution carefully by considering our finances and our desired living locations. In correlation to the books fourth step, we mistakenly ended up satisficing [insert â€Å"&† before comma†] and chose the first house that met our needs and achieved our goal.We implemented our decision by putting an offer in and buying the house. After the entire process, we have many regrets and have determined what we will do next time we purchase a house. The next time around, I would want to implement the step of â€Å"making a choice† a lot better. Instead of satisficing [check spelling] I would want to maximize our choice by taking our time and finding a handful of houses that suit our needs before deciding on purchasing again. Especially in this time where foreclosures and short sales are a dime a dozen, there are many properties to take advantage from.Decision making is very important in our daily lives and even minute decisions can change our future drastically. It is very important to carefully assess and make decisions. References Bateman, T. , Snell, S. (2011). Management: Leading & Collaborating in a Competitive World (9th Ed. ). (pp. 91-92). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Roth, J. (2012, December 03). Is it better to rent or to buy? Time Business & Money. Retrieved March 30, 2013, from http://business. time. com/2012/12/03/is-it-better-to-rent-or-to-buy/

How to Write a History Research Paper Comprehensive Guide from Expert Writers

How to Write a History Research Paper Comprehensive Guide from Expert Writers A research paper in History is exactly what it says on the tin – a written endeavor to research some events, factors, situations or conditions in the past to prove a certain point. In this sense, it is rather close to a term paper, and indeed, the difference between the two is often vague. The main distinctive feature is that a research paper isn’t tied to any particular period. You may have to write one over either a shorter or a longer period of time than a semester, and it may be larger or smaller than an average term paper, so you should adapt the following advice to the specifics of your particular task. Choice of Topic You may have a varying amount of freedom in your choice of topic. Sometimes the path is already decided for you by your professor, and the most you can do is to ask for a slight alteration. Sometimes you are given a free hand. Either way, you should strive to write about something you are both interested and well-versed in. One of the two can do, but try to avoid writing on topics that are both unfamiliar and boring to you. Remember, you will have to spend many hours gathering information and analyzing it, so don’t approach this choice lightly. Laymen often perceive history as a mechanical record of events that happened in the past. The reality is much more complicated. History is not only concerned with what happened (although it is extremely important, and figuring out the nature of past events based on fragmented, incomplete and often biased sources is a major part of a historian’s work), but with why it happened and what were its consequences. At the same time, it isn’t the job of history to evaluate the moral nature of the events. Any academic work is to a considerable degree based on existing bibliography on the subject. However, for History it is especially important as written sources are, by and large, all you have to rely on. You can’t run practical experiments, you can only glean some understanding from something somebody has written on the subject. Therefore, your choice of topic is to a great degree based on the existing body of work on the subject. Ask yourself the following questions: Do scholars agree on your topic? If not, what is the point of contention? Do you consider the argument to be meaningful? Can you offer another approach to the problem? How well-researched is your topic? Are you the first to approach it in this particular way? Were there any recent findings that call for its reassessment? How much freedom do you have? Limitations aren’t always bad – when you are given a direction and a list of relevant documents to study, you already have something to build upon; Are there any assumptions about the topic that you and others take for granted? Are you sure these are correct? Will you have an opportunity to alter your choice later on, and if yes, to what extent? In the end, your topic should deal with an interpretation of events, their causes and effects, be neither too general nor too narrow and, ideally, be something you would write about willingly. Here are some examples: Satsuma Rebellion: Reasons for Its Premature Start and Failure; Fall of Constantinople in 1453 And Its Immediate Influence on the European History; Erwin Rommel and His Role in the Plot Against Hitler; Intermarium Federation Proposal of Joseph Pilsudski and Its Potential Implications for The World History; Operation Overlord and Its Role In Bringing World War II To a Close. Preparation and Research: Tips from Our Writers You Can’t Neglect The first order of business is to prepare the sources you are going to use in your research. All sources can be roughly divided into two types: Primary – all the relevant materials created during the time period you research. This, however, doesn’t mean that they are the most useful and trustworthy: while people who wrote at the time the events in question took place have an advantage of seeing them play out in front of them, they don’t see them in perspective, are often biased and don’t possess complete information. Secondary – all the materials created after the time period in question. These are mostly analytical works that perceive the past events in perspective, see their connections with other factors and usually make a certain argument. You will mostly deal with such sources, and your own work will become such a source when you complete it. As your time is limited, you should be very selective about the sources you use. Before choosing a work to use as a source, you should check how relevant and trustworthy it is. Find out the following: Who is the author? Is his background relevant for the problem in question? How objective he is likely to be? Is he biased? What is his reputation in academic community? When and where was the source created? Could these factors have influenced the author’s viewpoint (things like dominant views at the time, ideological constraints in the country of origin, limited information on the subject); What were the reasons for the creation of a source? Are they stated? Is it a scholarly work, a piece of propaganda, a work of fiction or art, or one of these things masquerading as another? How does the source look in the context of other sources on the subject? Does it represent a common point of view? Does it omit important pieces of evidence? If yes, can this omission be intended? Does it promote particular viewpoints? Remember – a history research paper is only as good as the sources it is based on. Even if your reasoning and analytical abilities are impeccable, if they are based on disreputable, untrustworthy or one-sided sources, it immediately devalues your work. Select a limited number of sources representing different points of view but unlikely to be strongly influenced by factors not related to the subject matter (politics, author’s views, etc.). Don’t try to encompass them all – even the narrowest subjects usually have enough sources to last you a lifetime. When you start reading, know when to stop: don’t fall into the trap of reading for reading’s sake, for you can collect information and corroborative evidence indefinitely. Start writing when you feel you have an absolute minimum to work on, and read up on things that require additional attention as you go along. Outline/Thesis Statement Once you’ve clearly formulated your topic and made about a third of the necessary research, you should start working on your outline. In the outline you are supposed to define the main points of your research, decide how they relate to each other and to the main topic of your work, in what order they are to be mentioned and what supporting details you should provide. Remember – this isn’t a plan set in stone. It is an outline that you write mostly for your own convenience. If, in the course of your work, you find out that some facts are better mentioned in different order, or have unexpected similarities and connections and thus have to go hand in hand, make these changes. Right now, your paper is a work in progress. Title Once you’ve defined and narrowed down your topic, you won’t have particular problems with the title of your paper. A history research paper doesn’t need its title to be overly creative and unusual – its main purpose is to clearly and unequivocally denote the topic and, if possible, your main argument. Consult your instructor if you feel any doubts. Body Paragraphs This is where most of your work lies, and it is where you should start after you finish preliminary work. Introduction comes later, possibly last, when you already know how your research turned out. In writing the main part of your paper, it is important to follow certain conventions. They may differ in different colleges, but some things are accepted almost everywhere: Use of past tense. As everything related to your subject matter by definition happened at some point in the past, this is the tense you should use. If you’ve carried out the habit of sometimes falling into â€Å"literary present† from your creative writing course or somewhere else, forget about it – it does not belong here. Analyze the events of the past in context of what happened next, but don’t fall into the mistake of viewing them from the position of a modern human. Remember that the people you are writing about lived in another time, in completely different conditions and shared sets of values and assumptions completely different from those of your generation. Today, some of these values may seem quaint, barbaric or alien, but at the time they were quite natural. Analyze but do not judge. Use formal, academic voice. Don’t use informal words, expressions and sentence structures. Avoid passive voice. Don’t use first and second person pronouns. Use a consistent citation style. Find out the format your college uses, get your hands on a style guide and start using it from the very beginning. It will save you a lot of time later on. Avoid general statements. Whatever people may say, history is an exact science. Don’t make sweeping statements. If you know the year, say it. If you know the number, mention it. If you don’t, make no assumptions. Don’t rely on quotes too much. A paper that has too many quotes looks as if you don’t have anything of your own to say. You should use quotations only when it is absolutely necessary. Paraphrase in all other cases. Employ your own writing and analytical skills when possible. Introduction and Conclusion Once you’ve finished with the main body of research, you can write an introduction based on it. Point out the main topic of your paper, what arguments you intend to make, what conclusion you expect to draw and so on. To a considerable degree, it is a formal part built around the main part of the paper, and it is exactly the reason why you should start working on it when everything else is already done – otherwise you will have to rewrite it multiple times to reflect the changes your research underwent in the course of work. Conclusion mostly recounts the same ideas as introduction does, only now you mention whether research went as planned, whether you achieved the expected results, what you believe to be the significance of your research, what work remained undone and what can be done in the future. Editing and Proofreading Check everything you’ve written so far. Correct any grammar, syntax and spelling mistakes you could have made. You can use online spellcheckers for that purpose, but don’t expect much from them – the best course of action would be to hire a professional editor or proofreader. Check the facts. You could’ve made a mistake when quoting somebody, or used incorrect notes or something else – the larger the amount of data you had to deal with, the higher the likelihood of errors is. Go through the paper with the style guide in hand once again. The rule of formatting and quoting may seem trivial and unimportant for you, but academic community has different views on the subject. Refine your text. This means eliminating all informal expressions and structures (like contractions), repetitions, filler words (like â€Å"the fact that†, â€Å"in order to†, â€Å"as a matter of fact†, â€Å"somewhat†, â€Å"fairly†, â€Å"considerably†) and overly complex sentences. If you have a long and complex sentence, either break it up or remove parts of it completely – chances are, you can say the same things in a much simpler way. Don’t try to sound smart and sophisticated by using long, multi-clause sentences. If a 6-syllable word has a 1-syllable synonym, use the shorter variant. Give your paper to a trustworthy person to read and review. They can point out many mistakes that eluded you throughout the process of writing. If necessary, don’t hesitate to correct, revise and even rewrite parts of your paper. Even if you find flaws at such a later date, it is better to spend some additional time on corrections than to hand it in as it is and hope nobody would notice.

A New Use For The Prefix Cis-

A New Use For The Prefix Cis- A New Use For The Prefix Cis- A New Use For The Prefix Cis- By Maeve Maddox Writing about gendered pronouns recently, I mentioned that â€Å"cis female† is a gender choice on Facebook. The prefix cis- derives from a Latin preposition meaning â€Å"on this side of.† Cisalpine Gaul, for example, was the part of Gaul located on the Italian side of the Alps. The part on the far side of the Alps was Transalpine Gaul. More familiar prefixes derived from Latin prepositions are trans, â€Å"across, on the other side† and circum, â€Å"around.† One of their uses is to indicate location, as in this example: Armitage boldly observes, We are all Atlanticists now. Then, he defines three approaches to Atlantic history, which he calls Cis-Atlantic, Trans-Atlantic, and Circum-Atlantic. Circum-Atlantic history is the history of the people who crossed the Atlantic, who lived on its shores and who participated in the communities it made possible.- Review of The British Atlantic World, 1500-1800. Chemists use cis- as a prefix and as a free-standing adjective to designate â€Å"a compound in which two atoms or groups are situated on the same side of some plane of symmetry passing through the compound.† Here are some gender-related terms that are beginning to appear in the media: cisgender cissexual cis man cis woman cissexism cissexual assumption Here are examples of their usage: â€Å"Cissexual assumption†Ã‚  is a phrase coined by Julia Serano for her claim that  cissexual  people assume that all people experience  gender identity  in the same way. It seems that some of this trans woman hatred from cisgender women  is based on a fear that perhaps they are taking something from us. I’m a Cis Girl in Love with a Trans Guy. Cis writers in every media form are jumping on the trans  story  train. Cis- is the logical choice of prefix to denote â€Å"assigned at birth† in contrast with transgender, â€Å"not conforming to birth gender.† Unfortunately, with all such labels, the danger exists that cis may become an abusive epithet. The other evening, I heard the term â€Å"cis male† used in an episode of Blue Bloods. The character, a college girl, referred to another character as â€Å"a cis male.† Her facial expression and tone of voice made it clear that she was not using the term as a neutral designation. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Punctuate References to Dates and TimesOn Behalf Of vs. In Behalf OfAdvance vs. Advanced

Income Inequalities in the United States Research Paper

Income Inequalities in the United States - Research Paper Example Economists posit that if the wealth from the middle class is transferred consistently to corporate elites, the concentration of wealth, as a consequence, will be solely enjoyed by the 1% households of the bourgeoisie (Allen, 2012). Nowadays, income inequality inexperienced by gender, race, outsourcing industry, disruption of income, by core competencies, and these issues can be holistically understood using the tool of value chain analysis. On gender-based income disparity, Kirk (2012) barred that American just earn a fraction of men in every state. The worst income inequality is in Utah where a working woman earns 55 cents for every dollar earned by a man. This is succeeded closely by Wyoming where women earn 56 cents, Louisiana at 59 cents, North Dakota at 62 cents and in Michigan at 62 cents (Kirk, 2012). There is relative gender-based income equality in the state of Hawaii, Florida, Nevada, Maryland, and North Carolina where women earn about three-fourths of what men received as salary (Kirk, 2012). This somewhat disparages the supposed economic empowerment of women to discrimination and contributed to the income disparity in the country although some thought that there are efforts made to curb this gap in wages (Fairchild, 2012). Experts, however, opined that wages should also be looked at the workers level of education, the time devoted to labor, the experiences they earned that made up their expertise, and the na ture of jobs taken. That gap is still felt among highly educated workforces.... It bar discrimination at work and promote equality in workplaces but advocates argued the need to pass more legislations ensure effective enforcement of these policies. However, Weller and Ajinky (2012) however still pointed that the blacks are still paid less than white and that economic insecurity is more felt by Afro-American, the race who rose up historically from slavery. Weller and Ajinky (2012) reported that as of the last quarter of 2011, median weekly earnings for African Americans were $617 while Latinos earned $549 in comparison to whites that earned $774. They also noted the rapid increase African workers with salaries below the average rate. A good statistics of population depicted high figures of blacks that are unemployed. There were about 88.9 % unemployed Afro-Americans and using the inflation-adjusted median income, they dropped their income by 7.1% from 2007-2009 (Weller, Ajinkya, & Farrel, 2012). This correlates to their rate of poverty at 24.2 % higher than Asian immigrants, Latinos and of whites (Weller, Ajinkya, & Farrel, 2012). But all these are contextualized within the development of a complex liberalized economy where the outsourced industry thrived well. The advancement of communication technology also permeated corporations to opt for skilled human resources that could work on domestic needs via online tools. The latter has been put to question because the employment opportunity is being offered externally to emerging nations and therefore, sort of cracked to the domestic populace without work. But the outsourcing industry is significantly in context to business strategies that aimed at a globalized operation

Media Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Media Ethics - Essay Example No one seems to be protected and the number of victims of violence, and in so many cases murder continues every year. This calendar year is no different and so will the forthcoming years unless actions will be done, both locally and on a global level. The following stories are just some of the many that remain prevalent in so many countries. And to think that all are well within barely two months after the ‘ball dropped’ so to speak on the New Year. One cannot help but be appalled and flabbergasted as to the number and parallelism of these stories. Indeed, no good deed remains unpunished. Maybe there is much truth in what Pablo Neruda refers to as, â€Å"the whore freedom, the land with no overcoat† (â€Å"Injustice†). The list begins with Basil Ibrahim Faraj, a cameraman of the Palestinian Media and Communication Company who was killed last January 7, 2009 in Gaza. Faraj and company’s car was not the target but was caught in between the attack. Ando Ratovonirina from Madagascar was working for Radio Tà ©là ©vision Analamanga (RTA), witnesses claim he was shot by presidential guards, nonetheless, while in a demonstration against the administration in Antananarivo covering the story. The Associated Press (AP) reports 167 injured and 25 killed in the incident. Another radio and newspaper reporter, Uma Singh, was attacked by 15 people who stabbed Singh to death last January 11 in Janakpur, Nepal. Local journalists and other groups believe that those with motive for the murder include Maoist workers who she openly condemns for her father and brother’s kidnapping and murder back in 2006. Freelance correspondent and ‘Novaya Gazeta’ contributor Anastasiya Baburova was shot an d killed by someone in a ski mask last January 19. She was with Stanislav Markelov, a human rights lawyer after the latter had just given a press conference. The attacker shot at Markelov execution-style according to reports in the prosecutor-generals office. Apparently,

The advantages and disadvantages of Opera Reservations System (ORS), Essay

The advantages and disadvantages of Opera Reservations System (ORS), by MICROS systems Inc, for hotels and restaurants - Essay Example Opera Reservation Systems also happens to render specialised services to the restaurants and hotels by designing different software like that for the Sales and Catering department. The Opera Reservation Systems also happens to enhance the potential of service quality rendered by the hotel and restaurants through the high amount of incorporation of different types of innovative tools. This tool helps the hotels and restaurants in generating effective services to the customers through maintaining effective relationship based services with them. Again the tool also helps the hotels in effectively maintaining the guest rooms and also helps the corporation in adequately working out resources meant for organising events. The software also helps the hotels and restaurants in effectively tracking the sales pertaining to the different departments and also in tracking the highest sales figure in regards to the different items. Opera Reservation Systems software also helps in regulating the inv entory pertaining to the different category of guest rooms in the hotel. Acting like an effective planning tool the software helps the hotel in arranging for the food and beverages meant for domestic and international guests. The software also helps the hotels in effectively meeting the different bills pertaining to banquet and other room services rendered to the guests. Opera Reservation Systems also acts as an effective forecasting tool for the hotel and restaurants in helping the companies estimate the rise in the number of guests and the sales pertaining to the different categories of services and products rendered. The operating system also helps the hotels in effectively analysing the margins pertaining to the cost and the profits emanating out of the services of the company. Having said the essential features and services rendered by the software to the hotel it can be easily understood that such services tend to make the people much effective in rendering continuous services to the customers. The people operating based on such software can thereby effectively communicate with the guests and consumers and thereby help in enhancing the brand image of the concern. Thus the incorporation of such software helps to render specialised services to the hotel corporations and thereby enhances the potential in gaining new markets and also in successfully developing its brand image. Enhanced use of the software by the different level of employees thus makes the people get an overview of the entire operation performed in the hotel sector (HRS, 2006). Disadvantages for Restaurants using Opera Reservation Systems The hotels and restaurants operating based on software such as Opera Reservation System though reflect salient number of advantages is also struck from some serious drawbacks. The practice of depending highly on such software creates a problem for the concern especially in cases of long term power cuts. The internal people of the concern being highly depende nt on

Reasons For Dominance Of One Party Rule Politics Essay

Reasons For Dominance Of One Party Rule Politics Essay Various authors and political analysts have criticized the one-party-system in Africa and its impact on democracy and development of the dark continent. There have been debates over the past as to whether single-state party system is the way to go for Africa, with civil societies, international organizations and local African scholars deeming the practice as barbaric, undemocratic and a system that will destroy Africa. There are several reasons why the one-party rule tendency was dominant among African countries. Consolidation among ethnicities Many African countries have experienced serious threats to their national cohesion, post-independence and ethnic clashes caused by internal disputes regarding imperative resources like land, minerals, water and power. After gaining independence, most African countries transpired into the single-party system, argued as the ideal way to bring the people together before engaging in power struggles brought about by multi-partism. Aknirade.S (2000) claims that the one-party system ensured stability within a democracy.She asserts that multi-partism and democratization is accompanied by struggle for power and division in the people among political partys lines. The jostle for the limited power will cause upheaval in the national cohesion. A single-party system ensures consolidation in the political arena and ensures that conflicts and chaos which could lead to war and mass destruction are avoided. She argues that former Tanzanian President Nyereres move to adopt single-party system was a mo ve, meant to solve the tension existing between tribes as a result of social divisions, but misinterpreted as a move out of ignorance. She further adds that the African states were observing and following suit of the European systems of governance, where legitimacy of the state was ensured before allowing competitive parties to play part. Elite fragmentation in the governance is according to her, a major cause of disruption among African states. Wars, chaos and violence A single-state system appeals unity, strength and brings about communalism and multi-party systems will bring about division among ethnic groups and economic disintegration of certain areas in a country according to many African leaders Another argument why the single-party system is suitable for the African people is the disputes brought about by elections. As trivial as it may seem, African economies have been marred with problems arising from poll violence. This is an outcome related to multi-partism where political leaders break the rules of the game to ensure a win driven by self-aggrandizement, and greed for power. It has been reported in very few cases where political leaders accept defeat during election and inciting their supporters to act. Hameso.S (2002) critiques the attitude among African leaders claiming that when changes seem eminent, political protagonists refuse to accept the outcome as fair. A recent case involved Kenya during the 2007-2008 elections, where alleged rigging caused tribes to kill other tribes. The post election violence was caused simply because the politics were tribal based. Two major tribes had their candidates as the major runners, and when one was defeated, the losing contender cried foul sparking up ethnic wars among different tribes in the country. The result was the death of thousands the displacement of hundreds of thousands of people (BBC April 13, 2008). These Kenyans claimed to kill in the name of democracy, the same democracy brought about by multi-partism.The situation was ironically solved by the power-sharing agreement between the two main candidates, insinuating a thirst for power among the leaders, a case also observed in Zimbabwe,2008(Peta.B February 4,2009). The political problem in this case is deeply rooted in the minds of Kenyans, which runs deep along tribal lines, and how to change the perception of the people is still a hard task, and its indeed a sad case. This is blamed on the exemption of some tribes in the nation building so competitive politics is definitely ethnic based. Another unfortunate incident brought about by the struggle for power in multi-party states was the arrests and unrests in Senegal in 1988, where riots and chaos erupted after Abdou Diof was re-elected as President (Brooke.J March 6, 1988).Some people argue that the only way such problems can be avoided is by reverting to the good old system of single-party rule. Illiteracy and ignorance among Africans Otite.J (September 2009) states that there exists a positive correlation between education and peace. In a continent where the literacy and comprehension level is high, then democracy is exercised better and the people know the need to decentralize power in the government and advocate peacefully for that move. When a large population of a country is illiterate, the people are unaware of what rights are entitled to them and are taken advantage of, by the corrupt and selfish leaders who can destroy the country beyond repair. The case was so during the single-party ruling system and Africans did not know about the good governance of a country and believed what their leaders conveyed to them. Democracy according to some leaders is an alien concept, derived from the West, and that illiteracy and a miniscule middle class will make it impossible in Africa .The context of that statement is true to some extent. Africa has the highest percentage of illiteracy in the world and percentage was higher in the post-colonialism days African intellectuals however dismiss the above comment of illiteracy by saying such skepticism, is a major cause of the downfall and through empowerment and knowledge, the situation can be changed. A Guinean journalist, Siradiou Diallo disagrees and is quoted to say that These are only politicians formulas and slogans designed to abuse and dupe public opinion. The question as to whether Africans can overcome this illiteracy and take control of their own destiny is doubted when the development is slow-paced and the educational, political and economic situation is terrible compared to the other continents. (Brooke .J March 6, 1988) The lack of democratic thinking ways in Africans has encouraged manipulation and exploitation by these leaders who managed to convince the people that single-party rule was the ideal system of rule. Fragile media and a deceptive civil society The medias role in promoting democracy and transparency in issues governing a country is indisputably important in every society. The press has a right and the freedom to articulately inform the public about the happenings, regarding national issues and also inform the public about their democratic rights. They have the power to reveal atrocities and misuse of power being conducted by any government body regardless of status and position. Basically the medias role is to inform, educate and empower the people. Through the media, people are well-versed on certain happenings and can call for action to change the situation. These media privileges definitely clash, with any government that has a single-party system because democracy is limited to some extent. In those post-colonial times, the existing media was inactive and in some countries non-existent. The existing media houses were government owned and controlled and any information that portrayed the government in any negative way was discarded. Harsh legal laws were in place to deal with the perpetrators and discourage any form of unauthorized reporting. Sadly in the present day, some media houses are still controlled by the government. The media according to Hameso.S (2002) had to operate under strict controls placed by the single-party states. The media was also monopolized with one broadcast house available in most countries e.g. in Kenya, Voice of Kenya was a government owned and controlled broadcasting house. The adversial relationship between the media and the government can be traced back to the dictatorship rules after colonialism, where media was stifled and media people tortured and jailed for oppressing the government. The information had to be approved by the government, before being conveyed to the people, undermining the basic function of media i.e. democratizing communication. Therefore the African people lacked a channel through which they could air their grievances and the acts of government were kept secret and out of the open. Another significant contributor to the system was the illusive civil society. It is common to find lobby groups in any country fighting for human rights and good governance. Civil societies did exist back then but their impact was not felt like the medias. Hameso.S (2002) argues that civil societies are perceived to be the groups distinct from the state yet they interact with the state and influence the state. He views association as the thin line between being independent and involved with the state. The civil societies are supposed to fight for the rights of the common good, yet during despotic rules, most civil societies were accused of being absorbed into the selfish needs of the government. The descent and composition of these groups was first of all ambivalent, with the question on, who represented these groups, being raised. These civil societies dealt with complex issues regarding governance and with most of Africas population being illiterate, eyebrows were raised on whether the societies actually represented the issues of the common good or if their interests were based on the elite few, or if they were being driven by the one-party governments (Hameso.S,2002). These civil societies and media are supposed to act as watchdogs to the government and play a significant role in bringing about democracy. The lack of power and manipulation by the governments of these groups during post-colonial times provided the opportunity for the communist leaders to establish the single-party states without external pressure. The value dilemma According to Hameso.S (2002) the single-party system was further fueled by the notion that conformance of the western values and systems including the multi-party system was unorthodox and objectionable. Adoption of the system would lead to weakening of community ties and bring about confusion of interests among Africans. Africans believed that the adoption of the multi-party system would show that they did not believe in their own values, beliefs and opinions and instead chose to blindly follow the traditions of the West, who had earlier on robbed them of their national pride during colonial times and oppressed them for decades. It was feared that the imposition of Western-Style ruling, anomalies would occur including conflicts. The consequences are further proved after the adoption of multi-partism, where leaders call for a return to the single-party states, wherever violence occurs, and blaming multipartism as the focal cause for power struggles. Poor governance When the colonialists left, African states were left in weak conditions, with the power to rule left in the hands of a few who had learnt from the colonialists. Even these few individuals did not have the proper tools and skills to govern a nation and lacked knowledge on how to institutionalize and consolidate the pre-existing national institutions. The leaders did not have an idea on how to allow fragmentation of other independent parties and maintain the political balance and economic stability as well. This responsibility was hard since the people expected change .The governments were not properly institutionalized with the African leaders constantly seeking help from other Western countries in terms of aid, economic and political advice.Stambuli.K.P (2002) described this as a post-colonial African design of government who used democracy as an excuse to employ the same divide and rule policy that the colonial powers used. They tightened their grip around power and filled the Afric an people with false hope and mediocre ideologies of transforming the countries. The leaders postured themselves as powerhouses, with no opposition or an enlightened nation to oppose them, ensuring their tyrannical rules subsisted for decades. Power transition. The challenges involved in transitioning a single-party state to a multi-party one, encourage the people to maintain the existing conditions. The frail economics and fear of uprisings is also another validation to the previous dominance of these systems of governance. Transfer of power in many states brought about violence and this discouraged the people to challenge the ruling parties fearing the situation would get worse and could paralyze development completely. According to Aringo.P.O (October, 2004) says the transition in some countries e.g. Kenya was faced with oppression with the opposition parties being treated as enemies. It is a common trend where the opposition party members are arrested and implicated with crimes they didnt even commit as a way of silencing them. Cases of alleged murders of key front members of opposition members were not unheard of, and people were not willing to risk their lives in the name of democracy.Assasinations and ethnic genocides were crimes com mitted just to stifle the other side. Leaders disregarded the opposition parties in broad daylight, for example in Kenya, President Kenyatta referred to the opposition party members as snakes. Why the single party system failed It is obvious that a revolution has taken place over the past half-century with only Eritrea existing as a single-state party. The political metamorphosis has led to the existence of opposition parties in many countries, and some have even taken over, the preceding single-state parties. Neuberger.B (n.d) argues that the system is not the solution for African countries because a partys long term stay in power does not necessarily amount to success. He claims that parties in some African countries have been in power for decades yet their portfolios have no significant improvement, to prove their long stay and service to the people. He claims that cruel, selfish minded regimes have survived for decades and in some cases some regimes keen on change and reforms have been overthrown within a short time of their ruling, hinting the fact that maybe people are susceptible to change and do not want to change the status-quo, in fear of worse future repercussions .He suggests three criteria that can be used to determine if one-party states are necessary in the African continent;stability,economic development and nation-building, with regard to factors of democracy and human rights. Neuberger.B (n.d) seeks to establish if the existence of a single-party state affects the performance of the nation, by challenging the people to use the three criteria to rate their countrys development, and hints that very few countries could meet the requirements of the named criteria. Chief Emeka Anyaoku, a former Secretary General of the Commonwealth is a great strong critic of the single-party state, claims that the former governing system is the root cause of all troubles facing the continent. He attributes all the developmental problems being faced as consequences of the rulings in the post-independence era, characterized by single-party systems. He is quoted to say that Nothing has done more to destroy Africa ,than one party rule and military dictatorship(Ghana News Agency November 10,2007).He claims the military coups brought about by the single party governments, not only caused the democratic destruction of the African people but caused economic downfalls in the then sensitive growing economy. He further claims that single-state parties curtailed the efforts of productivity and development that enabled a golden age of sycophancy, and resulted in a one-man rule and bred mediocrity (GNA November 10, 2007) He says that the prime cause of all these problems was as a result of these systems that brought about corruption, oppression and ethnicity tension between tribes and nations, leading to wars. He further adds that these financial problems led to the dependency of foreign aid, like a drug, and brought about massive economical problems that will take years to solve, claiming that the greatest regret is not that the problem was brought about by non-Africans, but was self-imposed. The downfall of the single-party system can be attributed to certain things. Gentili.M.A (2005) presented a report at a global forum in Seoul and claimed that one of the contributing factors to the failure of the single-party system was the economic liberalisation of the 80s.The governments had failed to deliver what they had promised and the common people felt betrayed, leading to political democratization. The people felt that through competitive politics and opposing parties, the government would feel pressured to perform. By the end of the 80s structural adjustment in the economies was prevalent, and the interference and control of the single-party government was noted as a root cause of the economic challenges being faced. This was a crucial field and Africans felt the need to protect their own futures by developing their countries through economic stabilization and privatisation.This could only be done through abolishing the system and so began the democratization process. This progression was characterized by establishment of new-fangled norms and poli cies, institution building and good governance. The existence of multi-partism was the first step towards achieving these developmental goals, through free and fair elections and promotion of the media and civil societies as watchdogs. Another reason leading to the failure of the one-party rule was the failure of political and socio-economic development ,and a good example is Ghana which was the first African country to gain independence in 1957.Mariam.A (January 25, 2010)verifies that President Kwame Nkrumah established a one-party system rule adopting socialist ideologies. Within a year of his rule, he had already transformed himself into a power-hungry despot, by establishing a fiery rule where his actions were unopposed, conferring to himself all the powers, whether constitutional or judicial. He opposed any criticism and laid down callous labour laws, by declaring strikes illegal. He was known for making unlawful arrests for any one suspected of sedition and his irrational economic plans of the state. Ghana was at the time a large exporter of cocoa and was the most successful countries in Africa, but due to Nkrumahs power misuse, Ghanas economy failed miserably making it one of the poorest countries in the con tinent. The downhill performance of the economy prompted the coup de tat which saw him being overthrown. Countries such as Tanzania also abolished the one-party system after the repercussions impacted their economy. The Ujamaa system of collectivized farming also led to a plunge in the agriculture production in Tanzania. He also claims that the one-party system has failed miserably in increasing national unity and preventing clashes as civil wars, genocides and corruption are rampant since pre-colonial times.Mariam.A (January 25, 2010) further claims that these dictatorships are the root cause of African problems of famine, corruption, economic under-development, political unrest and over-dependence on foreign aid. He claims that the social, political and economic ills facing Africa will be solved if the people are wise enough to realize the games posed by these political leaders. He claims that the leaders re-brand themselves by joining new parties but still have the same selfish intentions. Africans must be empowered to in an open, and informed multiparty process. He claims that the argument of Africa not being tailored to handle the Western system of multi-partism as layered sophistry and paralogism of African leaders who are obviously power-hungry. Pan-Africanism and pressure from the international bodies led to the dissolution of these systems. These leaders practically, destroyed the economic status of their countries and in sought help from the international bodies such as IMF, World Bank and other organizations. Democracy was a pre-requisite to the granting of these aids to most countries, and to salvage the situation, many leaders complied with this demand. Though many economies resisted at first, the situation became worse when the aid reductions were implemented, placing these leaders in a dilemma. The donors advocated for privatization which could be better managed through a multi-party system. Stambuli.K.P (2002) in his paper claims that these auspices influenced African states to end the restrictive trade laws and motioned the process of privatization, which ultimately led to the abolishing of the one-party system. Conclusion It is clearly evident that the invasion of multi-partism has not compelled the changes that the people expected. The single party system way of operation is still being observed in many countries up to the present day. The conversion of the party systems in Africa over the years has verified beyond a shadow of doubt, that the reasons why African countries are still to revive themselves is not because of the previous non-existence of opposition parties, but within the leaders themselves. In a continent where the leaders openly commit iniquities against people and declare themselves unsurmountable, getting rid of these leaders will be the first step towards practicing democracy. The African people should be empowered and education spread to all corners of the struggling continent and help eradicate this virus of incompetent leaders that has been eating into the core of the continents own existence.